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Program archive
Robotic Spaceflight
Robotic Spaceflight is explored here through 236 archived missions, from Luna 3 through Plato, with the program’s spacecraft, people, milestones, and source-backed history connected along the way.
- Missions
- 236
- People
- 0
- Vehicles
- 236
Explore this program
Choose a path through the Robotic Spaceflight archive.
Robotic Spaceflight timeline
235 flights. One complete program record.
Follow every archived flight from the earliest development test through the program’s latest flown mission, with its defining milestones and mission hardware connected along the way.
Every Robotic Spaceflight program record
All 236 flown and non-flight archive records arranged chronologically.
Launch corridor
235 flights and tests compressed into 12 expandable arcs · 1 unflown concept parked off the flight path.
- Arc 01Ignition1959–1964 · 22 records
- Arc 02Climbing1965–1966 · 19 records
- Arc 03Climbing1967–1968 · 20 records
- Arc 04Climbing1969–1972 · 21 records
- Arc 05On orbit1973–1978 · 22 records
- Arc 06On orbit1979–1993 · 18 records
- Arc 07On orbit1994–2002 · 19 records
- Arc 08On orbit2003–2007 · 22 records
- Arc 09Homeward arc2008–2013 · 23 records
- Arc 10Homeward arc2014–2018 · 18 records
- Arc 11Homeward arc2019–2023 · 22 records
- Arc 12Final approach2024–2026 · 9 records
Flight arc 01IgnitionLuna 3 → Mariner 41959–1964 · 22 records1959–1964
22 records
1959Luna 3001
August 23, 1961Ranger 1002
November 18, 1961Ranger 2003
January 26, 1962Ranger 3004
March 7, 1962OSO-1005
April 23, 1962Ranger 4006
July 10, 1962Telstar 1007
July 22, 1962Mariner 1008
August 27, 1962Mariner 2009
October 18, 1962Ranger 5010
December 13, 1962Relay 1011
February 14, 1963Syncom 1012
May 7, 1963Telstar 2013
July 26, 1963Syncom 2014
January 21, 1964Relay 2015
January 30, 1964Ranger 6016
July 28, 1964Ranger 7017
August 19, 1964Syncom 3018
August 28, 1964Nimbus 1019
September 5, 1964OGO-1020
November 5, 1964Mariner 3021
November 28, 1964Mariner 4022
Flight arc 02ClimbingOSO-2 → ATS-11965–1966 · 19 records1965–1966
19 records
February 3, 1965OSO-2023
February 16, 1965Pegasus 1024
February 17, 1965Ranger 8025
March 21, 1965Ranger 9026
April 6, 1965Intelsat I027
May 25, 1965Pegasus 2028
July 30, 1965Pegasus 3029
October 14, 1965OGO-2030
December 16, 1965Pioneer 6031
1966Luna 10032
April 8, 1966OAO-1033
May 15, 1966Nimbus 2034
May 30, 1966Surveyor 1035
June 7, 1966OGO-3036
August 10, 1966Lunar Orbiter 1037
August 17, 1966Pioneer 7038
September 20, 1966Surveyor 2039
November 6, 1966Lunar Orbiter 2040
December 7, 1966ATS-1041
Flight arc 03ClimbingVenera 4 → OAO-21967–1968 · 20 records1967–1968
20 records
1967Venera 4042
February 5, 1967Lunar Orbiter 3043
March 8, 1967OSO-3044
April 6, 1967ATS-2045
April 17, 1967Surveyor 3046
May 4, 1967Lunar Orbiter 4047
June 14, 1967Mariner 5048
July 14, 1967Surveyor 4049
July 28, 1967OGO-4050
August 1, 1967Lunar Orbiter 5051
September 8, 1967Surveyor 5052
October 18, 1967OSO-4053
November 5, 1967ATS-3054
November 7, 1967Surveyor 6055
December 13, 1967Pioneer 8056
January 7, 1968Surveyor 7057
March 4, 1968OGO-5058
August 10, 1968ATS-4059
November 8, 1968Pioneer 9060
December 7, 1968OAO-2061
Flight arc 04ClimbingOSO-5 → Nimbus 51969–1972 · 21 records1969–1972
21 records
January 22, 1969OSO-5062
February 25, 1969Mariner 6063
March 27, 1969Mariner 7064
April 14, 1969Nimbus 3065
June 5, 1969OGO-6066
August 9, 1969OSO-6067
August 12, 1969ATS-5068
August 27, 1969Pioneer E069
1970Luna 16070
April 8, 1970Nimbus 4071
November 30, 1970OAO-B072
December 12, 1970SAS-1073
1971Mars 3074
May 9, 1971Mariner 8075
May 30, 1971Mariner 9076
September 29, 1971OSO-7077
1972Pioneer 10078
July 23, 1972Landsat 1079
August 21, 1972OAO-3080
November 15, 1972SAS-2081
December 11, 1972Nimbus 5082
Flight arc 05On orbitPioneer 11 → Einstein Observatory1973–1978 · 22 records1973–1978
22 records
1973Pioneer 11083
November 3, 1973Mariner 10084
May 30, 1974ATS-6085
December 10, 1974Helios 1086
1975Venera 9087
January 22, 1975Landsat 2088
May 7, 1975SAS-3089
June 12, 1975Nimbus 6090
June 21, 1975OSO-8091
1976Luna 24092
January 15, 1976Helios 2093
August 12, 1977HEAO-1094
October 22, 1977ISEE-1095
October 22, 1977ISEE-2096
1978GPS Block I097
January 26, 1978International Ultraviolet Explorer098
March 5, 1978Landsat 3099
May 20, 1978Pioneer Venus 1100
August 8, 1978Pioneer Venus 2101
August 12, 1978ISEE-3102
October 24, 1978Nimbus 7103
November 13, 1978Einstein Observatory104
Flight arc 06On orbitHEAO-3 → Landsat 61979–1993 · 18 records1979–1993
18 records
September 20, 1979HEAO-3105
1981Venera 13106
July 16, 1982Landsat 4107
1983Venera 15 / 16108
January 25, 1983IRAS109
1984Vega 1 / 2110
March 1, 1984Landsat 5111
1985Giotto112
1989Hipparcos113
May 4, 1989Magellan114
October 18, 1989Galileo115
November 18, 1989COBE116
April 24, 1990Hubble Space Telescope117
June 1, 1990ROSAT118
October 6, 1990Ulysses119
April 5, 1991Compton Gamma Ray Observatory120
June 7, 1992Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer121
October 5, 1993Landsat 6122
Flight arc 07On orbitClementine → INTEGRAL1994–2002 · 19 records1994–2002
19 records
January 25, 1994Clementine123
December 2, 1995Solar and Heliospheric Observatory124
December 30, 1995Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer125
1996Mars Global Surveyor126
February 17, 1996NEAR Shoemaker127
1997TRMM128
October 15, 1997Cassini-Huygens129
January 6, 1998Lunar Prospector130
April 2, 1998Transition Region and Coronal Explorer131
October 24, 1998Deep Space 1132
February 7, 1999Stardust / Stardust NExT133
April 15, 1999Landsat 7134
June 24, 1999Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer135
July 23, 1999Chandra X-ray Observatory136
December 10, 1999XMM-Newton137
April 7, 20012001 Mars Odyssey138
2002Envisat139
March 17, 2002GRACE140
October 17, 2002INTEGRAL141
Flight arc 08On orbitSMART-1 → Dawn2003–2007 · 22 records2003–2007
22 records
2003SMART-1142
April 28, 2003Galaxy Evolution Explorer143
May 9, 2003Hayabusa144
June 2, 2003Mars Express145
August 25, 2003Spitzer Space Telescope146
August 3, 2004MESSENGER147
November 20, 2004Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory148
2005Venus Express149
January 12, 2005Deep Impact / EPOXI150
July 10, 2005Suzaku151
August 12, 2005Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter152
2006Hinode153
January 19, 2006New Horizons154
February 22, 2006AKARI155
October 26, 2006STEREO156
December 27, 2006CoRoT157
2007Chang'e 1158
2007Kaguya159
February 17, 2007THEMIS-ARTEMIS160
April 25, 2007Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere161
August 4, 2007Phoenix Mars Lander162
September 27, 2007Dawn163
Flight arc 09Homeward arcFermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope → Gaia2008–2013 · 23 records2008–2013
23 records
June 11, 2008Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope164
October 19, 2008Interstellar Boundary Explorer165
October 22, 2008Chandrayaan-1166
2009Herschel Space Observatory167
2009Planck168
March 7, 2009Kepler169
June 18, 2009LCROSS170
June 18, 2009Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter171
2010Chang'e 2172
February 11, 2010Solar Dynamics Observatory173
May 21, 2010Akatsuki174
August 5, 2011Juno175
September 10, 2011GRAIL176
November 26, 2011Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity177
June 13, 2012Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array178
August 30, 2012Van Allen Probes179
2013Chang'e 3 / Yutu180
2013IRIS181
February 11, 2013Landsat 8182
September 6, 2013LADEE183
November 5, 2013Mars Orbiter Mission184
November 18, 2013MAVEN185
December 19, 2013Gaia186
Flight arc 10Homeward arcSentinel-1 → BepiColombo2014–2018 · 18 records2014–2018
18 records
2014Sentinel-1187
February 27, 2014Global Precipitation Measurement188
December 3, 2014Hayabusa2189
2015AstroSat190
2015Sentinel-2191
January 31, 2015SMAP192
February 11, 2015DSCOVR193
March 12, 2015Magnetospheric Multiscale194
February 17, 2016Hitomi195
March 14, 2016ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter196
September 8, 2016OSIRIS-REx / OSIRIS-APEX197
2018Chang'e 4 / Yutu-2198
April 18, 2018Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite199
May 5, 2018InSight200
May 22, 2018GRACE Follow-On201
August 12, 2018Parker Solar Probe202
September 15, 2018ICESat-2203
October 20, 2018BepiColombo204
Flight arc 11Homeward arcChandrayaan-2 → Psyche2019–2023 · 22 records2019–2023
22 records
July 22, 2019Chandrayaan-2205
December 18, 2019CHEOPS206
2020Hope Mars Mission207
2020Ingenuity208
2020Tianwen-1 / Zhurong209
February 9, 2020Solar Orbiter210
July 20, 2020 GSTHope Probe211
July 23, 2020Tianwen-1212
July 30, 2020Mars 2020 Perseverance213
November 24, 2020Chang'e 5214
September 27, 2021Landsat 9215
October 16, 2021Lucy216
November 24, 2021DART217
August 5, 2022 KSTDanuri218
December 16, 2022SWOT219
April 7, 2023 EDTTEMPO220
April 14, 2023JUICE221
July 1, 2023Euclid222
July 14, 2023Chandrayaan-3223
September 2, 2023Aditya-L1224
September 7, 2023 JSTSLIM225
October 13, 2023Psyche226
