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Program archive
Mars Exploration
Mars Exploration is explored here through 7 archived missions, from Viking 1 through ESCAPADE, with the program’s spacecraft, people, milestones, and source-backed history connected along the way.
- Missions
- 7
- People
- 0
- Vehicles
- 7
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Choose a path through the Mars Exploration archive.
Mars Exploration spacecraft
7 mission-specific spacecraft and test articles, plus 0 launch systems and shared hardware records.
Showing vehicles 1–7 of 7
Mars orbiter and lander spacecraftAugust 20, 1975Viking 1
Viking 1 was a paired Mars orbiter and sterilized surface lander.
Mars orbiter and lander spacecraftSeptember 9, 1975Viking 2
Viking 2 was the second paired Mars orbiter and sterilized surface lander.
Twin Mars magnetosphere and atmospheric-escape orbitersNovember 13, 2025ESCAPADE Blue and Gold orbiters
Blue and Gold are identical compact Mars orbiters built as a coordinated observing pair.
Robotic rover missionJuly 7, 2003Opportunity
Opportunity supported Opportunity in the Mars Exploration Rover program.
Robotic rover missionDecember 4, 1996Sojourner rover and Mars Pathfinder lander
Sojourner rover and Mars Pathfinder lander supported Mars Pathfinder / Sojourner in the Mars Pathfinder program.
Robotic rover missionJune 10, 2003Spirit
Spirit supported Spirit in the Mars Exploration Rover program.
Integrated Mars orbiter, lander, and rover systemJuly 23, 2020Tianwen-1 orbiter, landing platform, and Zhurong rover
The Tianwen-1 flight system divides orbital remote sensing, autonomous entry and landing, and mobile surface science among three coordinated elements.